Historical Sociology has provided a peculiar potential for the explanation of social phenomena and social problems by joining history and sociology together. As a kind of historical sociology, "history of the present" deals with "the present situation". This paper attends to the relationship between social knowledge and history, and by applying the theoretical model of structuration, reads the present situation, a reading which bestows a constitutive role to the ' dialectics of Modernity' for the contemporary Iranian Society.

Based on grounded theory, the present paper aims to answer the question that, "How do the binary transsexual people understand and experience their gender identity?". For this purpose, 30 in-depth interviews were conducted based on theoretical sampling and in accordance with the logic of theoretical saturation.“Excluded identification” is the main category which has been abstracted from the four major categories Which are “confused identity”,“suspended identity”,”imperfect identity”,and “developed identity”. These four identities are output from three different stages of their lives. The first stage involves a period in which they are unaware of their transgender gender identity. The second stage covers the interval between awareness of gender identity and gender affirming surgery, and the last stage is related to the postoperative period.Findings show through identification dialectic of inside and outside, In the stage of confusion and suspension, excluding encounter from others(outside) forms the dominant side of this dialectic. Attempts to eliminate the trace of being a trans in imperfect identity also reproduce the binary structure and discourse that exclude and does not accept them. It seems that it is only in the developed identity that one's agency, the inner side of this dialectic, is given the opportunity to resist the dominant binary excluding structure, identify herself or himself beyond gender and even reciprocally do not accept the ruling discourse and exclude it through the non binary discourse.

Saudi Arabia's foreign policy against the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) as the dependent variable is affected by the factors and elements of domestic level and also by the factors and elements of macro structural level as independent variables. Meanwhile, the present study aims at clarifying the dialectics of structural factors (regional-international developments) and those at agent level (Saudi Arabia's domestic developments) in shaping the Saudi Arabia's foreign policy against Iran. The present study, by means of structure-agent approach, seeks to explore the roots of shaping Saudi Arabia's aggressive foreign policy against the IRI in the interval of 2011-2013 and the concerned signals and proofs of the Saudi behavior as a question. The outcome of the present study suggests that the developments at the macro-structural level such as the international anarchy, the change of US strategy as a superpower, change in the order and balance between and among the regional powers after the Arabian uprisings of 2011 along with change at Saudi agent level, i. e. the rise of Mohammad bin Salman's team as the offensive elites, led to the shaping of Saudi Arabia's aggressive foreign policy against Iran in 2011-2018. Admittedly, these developments at the macro-structural level along with the domestic ones in Saudi Arabia resulted in shaping Saudi’ s aggressive behavior against Iran in a bilateral dialectical equation. In the same vein, the proofs of this behavior against Iran at the two levels of structure and agent include the creation of military-security coalition, establishment of amicable relations with Israel, exertion of institutional pressures, economic war, media-propaganda war and endeavor to exacerbate Iran's home unrests.

Nima’s literary theory as an independent style attracted many followers. Akhavan Sales is one of those poets who follow Nima in form and social and political content of his poems. “Zemestan” is an important poem which is successful in imitating Nima’s literary theory with regards to formalistic features. The structure of the poem alongside its shocking theme fascinates the readers. One wonders about the huge success of “Zemestan”. What is the mystery which does not seem to exist in other poems of Akhavan? It seems that the success does not lie in the common theme but in the form and techniques embedded in its structure. Such elements as “realism and speculation”, “association of sense and emotion”, “dialectic of rejection with acceptance”, “orchestration”, “equilibrium and symmetry” and “creative ending” are more important in the accomplished process of this poem. This paper tries to discover the less familiar details of “Zemestan” in order to understand the mystery of its success.

The history of dialectic is as long as the history of philosophy itself. This term has been used by several philosophers, each having a different meaning of it in mind. In this paper, after providing a brief explanation concerning the meaning of this term among philosophers, its meaning for Plato, Kant, and Hegel is discussed in detail.For Plato, dialectic has a perfectional meaning and is viewed as a method for attaining the unchanging essence of existents. Kant equates it with polemics or logic, that is, a study of the way that wisdom follows in order to attain the knowledge of things by essence and beyond-the-senses truths. Hegelian dialectic is always employed in order to bring the opposites together at a higher level. In fact, he believes that the main task of philosophy is to tread on this path.In the present paper, the writers, while examining and comparing the dialectical theories of these three philosophers, have demonstrated that Hegelian dialectic can be considered as a synthesis of those of Plato and Kant.

The question of relation between God and Universe Throughout the history of philosophy always have been an important and vital one. Sometimes this relation is a serious, connected one and in every moment but sometimes it is Disconnected and secular. In this essay, is tried on the base of Hegel’s philosophy of religion, an important philosopher who reinterpreted the Christianity, the relation between God and The universe have been explained. What is the position of God in the universe? For this, after discusses the binary opposition between the transcendence and immanence in the interpretation of Protestantism, and then, defines secularism to explain these concepts, and finally elaborates on the concept of Trinity, an important Christian doctrine, which is a significant concept in Hegel’s philosophy of religion. This doctrine, according to Hegel’s own interpretations, constitutes the basis for the subject-object dialectics, and he interprets dialectics with trinity. At the end the relation between God and The universe explained in the Hegel’s view from the point of view of the binary opposition between the transcendence and immanence.

One of the problems in Christian theology that ignites long-lasting debates is the explication of the relation between two realms of existence (mundane world) and essence (divine world). Because of its capacity to give us a way out of the crisis of meaninglessness and nihilism, finding a solution to this problem is of importance to us. The lost meaning of the world should be restored the interaction between God and existence, therefore the dialectical relationship between these two seemingly separate realms can perform simultaneously two functions: giving meaning to and saving the world. According to Barth’ s suggestion, the chiasm that separated the mundane and divine realms is unbridgeable relying solely on human reason and potencies, hence God himself with his omnipotence should intervene and save the world. Conversely, Tillich believes that the very system that initiates the creation, opens up the possibilities of redemption and these two procedures cannot be unrelated. Saving the world doesn’ t require the negation of creation and bestowing meaning to it from beyond. Accepting that our world is not devoid of meaning, one can affirm it considering its positive side, while the necessity for negating the ambiguities and oppositions of the fallen world remains undisputed. In this essay, besides the investigation of Barth’ s theory of dialectics and Tillich’ s critiques thereof, it will be shown how Tillich apply the Nietzsche’ s idea of affirmation to develop a positive dialectics.